Haptoglobin (Zonulin) [Cleaved into: Haptoglobin alpha chain; Haptoglobin beta chain]
1_MSALG 6_ AVIAL 11_ LLWGQ 16_ LFAVD 21_ SGNDV 26_ TDIAD 31_ DGCPK 36_ PPEIA 41_ HGYVE 46_ HSVRY 51_ QCKNY 56_ YKLRT 61_ EGDGV 66_ YTLND 71_ KKQWI 76_ NKAVG 81_ DKLPE 86_ CEADD 91_ GCPKP 96_ PEIAH 101_ GYVEH 106_ SVRYQ 111_ CKNYY 116_ KLRTE 121_ GDGVY 126_ TLNNE 131_ KQWIN 136_ KAVGD 141_ KLPEC 146_ EAVCG 151_ KPKNP 156_ ANPVQ 161_ RILGG 166_ HLDAK 171_ GSFPW 176_ QAKMV 181_ SHHNL 186_ TTGAT 191_ LINEQ 196_ WLLTT 201_ AKNLF 206_ LNHSE 211_ NATAK 216_ DIAPT 221_ LTLYV 226_ GKKQL 231_ VEIEK 236_ VVLHP 241_ NYSQV 246_ DIGLI 251_ KLKQK 256_ VSVNE 261_ RVMPI 266_ CLPSK 271_ DYAEV 276_ GRVGY 281_ VSGWG 286_ RNANF 291_ KFTDH 296_ LKYVM 301_ LPVAD 306_ QDQCI 311_ RHYEG 316_ STVPE 321_ KKTPK 326_ SPVGV 331_ QPILN 336_ EHTFC 341_ AGMSK 346_ YQEDT 351_ CYGDA 356_ GSAFA 361_ VHDLE 366_ EDTWY 371_ ATGIL 376_ SFDKS 381_ CAVAE 386_ YGVYV 391_ KVTSI 396_ QDWVQ 401_KTIAE
1: As a result of hemolysis, hemoglobin is found to accumulate in the kidney and is secreted in the urine. Haptoglobin captures, and combines with free plasma hemoglobin to allow hepatic recycling of heme iron and to prevent kidney damage. Haptoglobin also acts as an antioxidant, has antibacterial activity, and plays a role in modulating many aspects of the acute phase response. Hemoglobin/haptoglobin complexes are rapidly cleared by the macrophage CD163 scavenger receptor expressed on the surface of liver Kupfer cells through an endocytic lysosomal degradation pathway
2: The uncleaved form of allele alpha-2 (2-2), known as zonulin, plays a role in intestinal permeability, allowing intercellular tight junction disassembly, and controlling the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity to non-self antigens